№.1?-?Heraclitus, though an Ionian, was not in the scientific tradition of the Milesians. He was a mystic, but of a peculiar kind. He regarded fire as the fundamental substance; everything, like flame in a fire, is born by the death of something else. "Mortals are immortals, and immortals are mortals, the one living the other's death and dying the other's life." There is unity in the world, but it is a unity formed by the combination of opposites. "All things come out of the one, and the one out of all things"; but the many have less reality than the one, which is God.

【譯文】赫拉克利特雖然是伊奧尼亞人，但并不屬于米利都學(xué)派的科學(xué)傳統(tǒng)。他是一個神秘主義者，然而卻屬于一種特殊的神秘主義。他認為火是根本的實質(zhì)；萬物都象火焰一樣，是由別種東西的死亡而誕生的。“一切死的就是不死的，一切不死的是有死的：后者死則前者生，前者死則后者生”。世界是統(tǒng)一的，但它是一種由對立面的結(jié)合而形成的統(tǒng)一?！耙磺挟a(chǎn)生于一，而一產(chǎn)生于一切”；然而多所具有的實在性遠不如一，一就是神。

【小編評注】赫拉克利特（?ρ?κλειτο?，前540年－前480年），古希臘哲學(xué)家、愛非斯派的創(chuàng)始人。生于以弗所一個貴族家庭，相傳生性猶豫，被稱為“哭的哲學(xué)人”。他的文章只留下片段，愛用隱喻、悖論，致使后世的解釋紛紜。

【短語筆記】regard as - 把…認作

【例】Here I advanced a criterion which I regard as the only valid one. （我在這里提出了一個標準，我認為是唯一的標準。）

№.2?-?As might be expected, Heraclitus believes in war. "War," he says, "is the father of all and the king of all; and some he has made gods and some men, some bond and some free." Again: "Homer was wrong in saying: 'Would that strife might perish from among gods and men!' He did not see that he was praying for the destruction of the universe; for, if his prayer were heard, all things would pass away." And yet again: "We must know that war is common to all and strife is justice, and that all things come into being and pass away through strife."

【譯文】我們可以料想得到，赫拉克利特是信仰戰(zhàn)爭的。他說：“戰(zhàn)爭是萬物之父，也是萬物之王。它使一些人成為神，使一些人成為人，使一些人成為奴隸，使一些人成為自由人?！庇终f：“荷馬說‘但愿諸神和人把斗爭消滅掉’，這種說法是錯誤的。他不知道這樣就是在祈禱宇宙的毀滅了；因為若是聽從了他的祈禱，那末萬物便都會消滅了?！庇终f：“應(yīng)當知道戰(zhàn)爭對一切都是共同的，斗爭就是正義，一切都是通過斗爭而產(chǎn)生和消滅的?！?/p>

【小編評注】公元前六到五世紀，古希臘唯物主義哲學(xué)家赫拉克利特則把人們區(qū)分為自由人和奴隸，并且認為這種區(qū)分的根源在于戰(zhàn)爭。

【短語筆記】believe in - 信仰；信任

【舉一反三】trust in - 信任；依靠；存放

【例】

(1)Any person who is really profoundly humane can't believe in everlasting punishment. （真正非常慈悲的人決不會相信永遠的懲罰。）

(2)Russia 's wheat export ban accelerates the risk of a price spike and again undermines the trust in food trade . （俄羅斯的小麥出口禁令加大了價格飆升的風(fēng)險，并再次破壞了對糧食貿(mào)易的信任。）

№.3?-?His ethic is a kind of proud asceticism, very similar to Nietzsche's. He regards the soul as a mixture of fire and water, the fire being noble and the water ignoble. The soul that has most fire he calls "dry." "The dry soul is the wisest and best."

【譯文】他的倫理乃是一種高傲的苦行主義，非常類似于尼采的倫理。他認為靈魂是火和水的混合物，火是高貴的而水是卑賤的。靈魂中具有的火最多，他稱靈魂是“干燥的”?！案稍锏撵`魂是最智慧的最優(yōu)秀的?！?/p>

【小編評注】繼畢達哥拉斯之后，赫拉克利特對靈魂概念也作了解釋。從僅存的著作殘篇看，赫拉克利特涉及到靈魂問題的論述并不多，但也不難看出，他在批判地吸取泰勒斯和畢達哥拉斯靈魂觀點的基礎(chǔ)上，循著從物質(zhì)及其運動出發(fā)然后引出認識論意義的途徑，對靈魂概念作了新的規(guī)定。

【短語筆記】be similar to - 與…相似

【舉一反三】have … in common - 與…有共同之處

【例】

(1)Most banks' tests were based on historical crises , but this assumes that the future be similar to the past.（ 大多數(shù)銀行測驗都是依據(jù)歷史上出現(xiàn)過的危機，但是這種假設(shè)是將來的情況會與過去的相同。）

(2)What these companies also have in common are unglamorous surroundings.（這些面包店的共同點是周邊環(huán)境很單調(diào)。）

№.4?-?The doctrine of the perpetual flux, as taught by Heraclitus, is painful, and science, as we have seen, can do nothing to refute it. One of the main ambitions of philosophers has been to revive hopes that science seemed to have killed. Philosophers, accordingly, have sought, with great persistence, for something not subject to the empire of Time. This search begins with Parmenides.

【譯文】象赫拉克利特所教導(dǎo)的那種永恒流變的學(xué)說是會令人痛苦的，而正如我們所已經(jīng)看到的，科學(xué)對于否定這種學(xué)說卻無能為力。哲學(xué)家們的主要雄心之一，就是想把那些似乎已被科學(xué)扼殺了的希望重新復(fù)活起來。因而哲學(xué)家便以極大的毅力不斷在追求著某種不屬于時間領(lǐng)域的東西。這種追求是從巴門尼德開始的。

【小編評注】承認理性靈魂不死并非畢達哥拉斯個人的杜撰，赫拉克利特也同樣承認。這是因為赫拉克利特也同樣沒有清楚地意識到物質(zhì)和精神的區(qū)別，也同樣把精神的東西想象為物質(zhì)性的東西，于是在解決物質(zhì)和精神的關(guān)系問題時，亦即從認識論方面探討靈魂問題時，也同樣得出了理性靈魂不死的論斷。只是我們必須注意到，赫拉克利特是在強調(diào)了感性認識，肯定了人具有認識客觀自然界的能力，并在考察了人的整個認識過程的基礎(chǔ)上談?wù)摾硇造`魂不死的，這比起畢達哥拉斯來，已經(jīng)大大地前進了。

【短語筆記】accordingly - 因此，于是；相應(yīng)地；照著

【舉一反三】同義詞組：therefore - 因此；所以

consequently - 因此；結(jié)果；所以

hence - 因此；今后

thus - 因此；從而；這樣；如此

【例】

(1)Accordingly , it was no surprise that sterling and the gilt market recently wobbled , especially in the wake of opinion polls pointing to the possibility of a hung parliament.（因此，英鎊與英國國債市場最近的波動一點也不令人吃驚，尤其是在民調(diào)表明可能出現(xiàn)無多數(shù)黨的議會之后。）

(2)Both sexes , therefore , have reason to show off.（因此，兩性都有理由炫耀自己的魅力。）

(3)Consequently , organizations will be able to derive value by enabling human minds to cooperate in the coordination or operation of elements of production.（因此，機構(gòu)或組織通過開啟人類的思維，在生產(chǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上協(xié)調(diào)或操作上進行合作，將會能夠得到價值的體現(xiàn)。）

(4)Electric forces can move the ion strings without disturbing their internal states , hence preserving the data they carry. （電力可以移動離子鏈，而不會擾動其內(nèi)部的狀態(tài)，因此可以保全攜帶的資料。）

(5)Thus , we challenge the world to create the future with our customers.（因而，我們向世界提出挑戰(zhàn)，要與顧客攜手同創(chuàng)未來。）

（本文由滬友 落落 獨家提供，原文譯文摘自《西方哲學(xué)史》[商務(wù)印書館,1977-6]，轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處。）