介詞是學習英語的難點之一,特別在閱讀過程中是一個“攔路虎”。介詞短語是構成長難句的一個重要因素。介詞短語可用作定語、狀語、表語和補足語。介詞可與動詞、名詞、形容詞等連用。

  這里特別指出一種介詞復合結構,with(without)構成的復合結構,這種復合結構的形式有:

  ·with+名詞+分詞

  ·with+名詞+介詞

  ·with+名詞+形容詞

  ·with+名詞+動詞不定式

  這種結構在句中起狀語、定語作用,或用來對句子或某一成分作補充說明。在這種結構中,with沒有實際詞意。在翻譯時可把名詞和其后的介詞短語或形容詞當作主語和表語的關系來處理;把名詞和其后的分詞或動詞不定式當作主語和謂語關系來處理。

  (一)with十名詞十分詞的結構

  這種結構在英語中可稱為“分詞復合結構”。它在句中可作定語或狀語。在科技文章中常用來對句子或某個成分作補充說明。

  (1) If something is moving, with nothing touching it, it will go on forever,coasting at a uniform speed in a straight line.

  正在運動的某一物體,如果沒有受到任何外力觸動,它將永遠繼續(xù)作勻速直線運動。(條件狀語)

  (2)The light we see,with its colors ranging from deep red to deep violet,serves us in our daily lives.

  我們看到的從深紅色到深紫色的光,在日常生活中為我們服務。(作非限定性定語,修飾light。)

  (3)With more experimenting being doing every year,much of photosythesis will certainly be known before very long.

  隨著每年所進行的實驗增多,可以肯定,不久將會對光合作用了解得更多。(條件狀語)

  (4)The article deals with microwaves,with particular attention being paid to radiolo cation.

  這篇文章是研究微波的,其中特別注意無線電定位問題。(with...10cation是分詞復合結構,在句中作補充說明。)

  (5)The bottom layer is solid bedrock,with it supper edges slowly decomposing,or decaying,and flaking off.

  底層是堅硬的基巖,它最上面的邊緣在慢慢地分解、腐蝕和剝落。(非限定性定語,修飾Solidbedrock。)

  (6)Ice,of relative density 0.9,floats in water with ninetenth submerged.

  冰的比重為0.9,它浮在水面上時,9/10淹沒在水里。(方式方法狀語)

  (二)with+名詞十介詞的結構

  (1)Maxwell pointed out that an object may be hot without the motion in it being visible.

  麥克斯韋指出,即使看不見物體內部的分子運動,物體也可能是熱的。(讓步狀語)

  (2)Under a microscope,a cell looks like a bit of clear jelly with a thin wall round it.

  在顯微鏡下,細胞看上去如一滴透明的膠狀物體,周圍有一層很薄的壁。(with..it作定語,用來修飾jelly。)

  (3)Mechanics is that branch of physical science which considers the motion of bodies,with rest as a special case of motion.

  力學是自然科學的一個分支,它研究物體的運動,而把靜止看成是運動的一種特殊情況。(with引出的復合峁蠱鴆鉤淥得髯饔謾?

  (4)Carbon,with 6 protons and 6 neutronsin its nucleus,has 6 electrons.

  碳有6個電子,而在其原子核內尚有6個質子和6個中子。(with 6 protons...in.一用來對carbon作補充說明,有非限定定語意味。)

  (5)The rocket engine,with its steady roar like that of a waterfall or a thunderstorm,is an impressive symbol of the new space age.

  火箭發(fā)動機以其類似于瀑布或大雷雨的持續(xù)轟鳴給人以深刻印象,成為太空新時代的象征。(with...roarlike.—是非限定性定語,修飾engine。)

  (6)In each case the crystals,small orlarge,are naturally bounded by square or rectangular crystal faces of different sizes,but with each face always at right angles to each adjacent face.

  在每種情況下,各個晶體不論大小都是天然地由一些正方形的或矩形的晶面作為自己的界面,這些晶面大小不一,但每一晶面總是垂直于每一相鄰面。(with...face...at….是復合結構,作定語,修飾crystal faces。)

  (三)with+名詞+形容詞的結構

  (1)We have discussed fluorescence,which is sensitive to radiations with energies equal to or greater than those of visible photons.

  我們已經討論過熒光,熒光對等于或大于可見光光子能量的輻射是很敏感的。(with+名詞十形容詞的復合結構,起定語作用,修飾radiations。)

  (2)In simple harmonic motion,where there is no damping,the energy of the vibrating particle changes from kinetic to potential and back,with the total energy constant.

  在沒有阻力的簡諧運動中,振動質點的能量由動能變?yōu)閯菽埽蛴蓜菽茏優(yōu)閯幽?,但總能量不變?with十名詞十形容詞的復合結構在句中有結果狀語的意味。)

  (3) An uncharged object contains a large number of atoms, each of which normally contains an equal number of electrons and protons,but with some electrons temporarily free from atoms.

  不帶電的物體含有大量原子,每個原子通常含有等量的電子和質子,但是有一些電子暫時脫離了原子的束縛。(with+名詞+形容詞的復合結構,對句子起補充說明作用。)

  (4) And with water present the chances of finding some sort of life on Mars are much brighter,

  介詞短語

  介詞是學習英語的難點之一,特別在閱讀過程中是一個“攔路虎”。介詞短語是構成長難句的一個重要因素。介詞短語可用作定語、狀語、表語和補足語。介詞可與動詞、名詞、形容詞等連用。