如今的心理學(xué)家都認(rèn)為一個(gè)人的人格可以用5大特質(zhì)來描述:開放性、盡職性、外向性、宜人性和神經(jīng)質(zhì)。

這五個(gè)維度共同組成了現(xiàn)在心理學(xué)用來衡量一個(gè)人性格的模型,這個(gè)模型就常說的“大五”(Big Five)

今天的文章就專門來講講這個(gè)吧。

Each Big Five trait represents a continuum . For example, the trait of extraversion’s opposite is introversion. Together, extraversion and introversion make up opposing ends of a spectrum for that Big Five trait. People can be very extraverted or very introverted, but most people will fall somewhere in between the extremes of the spectrum.?
大五里面的每一個(gè)特質(zhì)都對(duì)應(yīng)一個(gè)連續(xù)變化的維度。比如,外向的對(duì)立面就是內(nèi)向,外向和內(nèi)向一起構(gòu)成了大五里面這個(gè)維度的兩個(gè)對(duì)立面。有的人可能非常外向,有的人可能非常內(nèi)向,不過大部分人都是處在這個(gè)變化區(qū)間中段的某處。

另外,有一點(diǎn)需要明白的是,大五里面的每一個(gè)特質(zhì)都對(duì)應(yīng)著非常多的性格特點(diǎn),5個(gè)特質(zhì)的每一個(gè)特質(zhì)都能夠再細(xì)分成更多具體的特點(diǎn)。

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#1 Openness To Experience
開放性(對(duì)新體驗(yàn)的開放態(tài)度)

If you possess high openness to experience, you are open to all the original and complex things life has to offer, both experientially and mentally. The opposite of openness to experience is close-mindedness.
如果你的開放性很高,那么說明你對(duì)生活中的各種新奇和復(fù)雜的事情感興趣,這些事情既可以是感官上的,也可以是心理上的。開放性的對(duì)立面是封閉性。

這個(gè)特質(zhì)高的人通常:

好奇心強(qiáng)?Curious

有想象力?Imaginative

有藝術(shù)細(xì)胞?Artistic

對(duì)很多東西感興趣?Interested in many things

容易興奮?Excitable

不陳腐?Unconventional

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#2 Conscientiousness
盡職性

Conscientiousness means having good impulse control, which enables individuals to fulfill tasks and meet goals. Conscientious behavior includes planning and organization, delaying gratification, avoiding compulsive action, and following cultural norms. The opposite of conscientiousness is lack of direction.
盡職性這個(gè)特質(zhì)表示一個(gè)人能夠控制自己的沖動(dòng),他們能夠完成手上的任務(wù)并達(dá)成自己的目標(biāo)。盡職的表現(xiàn)包括做計(jì)劃、規(guī)劃、推遲享樂、避免沖動(dòng)行為,以及遵循文化習(xí)俗。盡職性的對(duì)立面是漫無目的。

盡職性高的人通常:

勝任力強(qiáng)?Competence

有條理,或具規(guī)劃能力?Order, or organizational skills

義務(wù)感強(qiáng)?Dutifulness

愿意通過努力來取得成就?Achievement through hard work

自律?Self-discipline

目標(biāo)明確,受控?Being deliberate and controlled

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#3 Extraversion
外向性

Extraverted individuals who draws their energy from their interactions with the social world. Extraverts are sociable, talkative, and outgoing. The opposite of extraversion is introversion.
外向性高的人通過與別人社交來獲取能量。外向型的人愛社交、愛講話、愿意與人互動(dòng)。外向的對(duì)立面是內(nèi)向。

外向性高的人通常:

合群?Gregarious

果斷?Assertive

活躍?Active

總是尋求刺激?Excitement-seeking

情緒積極、充滿激情?Emotionally positive and enthusiastic

待人親切,外向?Warm and outgoing

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#4 Agreeableness
宜人性

The trait of agreeableness refers to a positive and altruistic orientation. This trait enables individuals to see the best in others, trust others, and behave prosocially. The opposite of agreeableness is antagonism.
宜人性這個(gè)特質(zhì)指的是一個(gè)人心里積極、利他的傾向。這個(gè)特質(zhì)高的人更容易看到別人好的一面,更容易相信別人,更容易按照社會(huì)準(zhǔn)則行事。宜人性的對(duì)立面是敵意。

宜人性高的人通常:

容易相信、原諒別人?Trusting and forgiving

直白,要求少?Straightforward and undemanding

利他?Altruistic

友好而且義務(wù)感強(qiáng)?Affable and amenable

溫和?Modest

容易同情別人?Sympathetic to others

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#5 Neuroticism
神經(jīng)質(zhì)

Neuroticism refers to a tendency towards negative emotions and includes experiences like feeling anxious and depressed. The opposite of neuroticism is emotional stability.
神經(jīng)質(zhì)特質(zhì)高的人更容易體驗(yàn)負(fù)面的情緒,比如焦慮和抑郁。神經(jīng)質(zhì)的對(duì)立面是情緒穩(wěn)定。

神經(jīng)質(zhì)高的人身上通常有這些特點(diǎn):

焦慮、緊張?Anxiety and tension

敵意強(qiáng)、易怒?Angry hostility and irritability,

抑郁?Depression,

自覺、害羞?Self-consciousness and shyness,

易沖動(dòng)、情緒化?Being impulsive and moody

缺乏自信?Lack of self-confidence

人們常常用OCEAN這個(gè)縮寫來統(tǒng)稱這5個(gè)特質(zhì)。

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那么,我們最后的問題來了:一個(gè)人的人格可能改變嗎?

總的來說,成年人的人格通常非常穩(wěn)定(highly stable)。有些漸進(jìn)式的改變倒是可能發(fā)生,不過這種改變的幅度不會(huì)特別劇烈(drastic)。也就是說,如果一個(gè)人的外向性本來很低,那么他極有可能一直都是那樣,不過也有的人會(huì)發(fā)生幅度不太大的改變。

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OK,來講講今天的詞?Stable

這個(gè)詞作形容詞講的時(shí)候表示“穩(wěn)定的”,另外它還有個(gè)不常用的名詞意思是“馬廄”。

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那么,我們來造個(gè)句子吧~

The price of oil should remain stable for the rest of 1992.
石油價(jià)格在1992年余下的時(shí)間里應(yīng)該會(huì)保持穩(wěn)定。

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